Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Original Research Article | OPEN ACCESS

Phytochemical profiling of Costus (Saussurea lappa Clarke) root essential oil, and its antimicrobial and toxicological effects

Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab¹ , Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha², Hassan Ahmed Alhazmi^1,3, Waquar Ahsan³, Zia ur Rehman³, Mohammed Al Bratty³, Hafiz Makeen⁴

¹Substance Abuse Research Centre, Jazan University, PO Box 114; ²Biomedical Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, Jazan University; ³Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University; ⁴Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.

For correspondence:- Siddig Abdelwahab Email: siddigabdlewahab.sarc@gmail.com Tel:+66506612390

Accepted: 17 September 2019 Published: 31 October 2019

Citation: Abdelwahab SI, Taha MM, Alhazmi HA, Ahsan W, Rehman Z, Al Bratty M, et al. Phytochemical profiling of Costus (Saussurea lappa Clarke) root essential oil, and its antimicrobial and toxicological effects. Trop J Pharm Res 2019; 18(10):2155-2160 doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v18i10.22

© 2019 The authors.
This is an Open Access article that uses a funding model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) and the Budapest Open Access Initiative (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read), which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited..

Abstract

Purpose: To carry out gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the phytochemical content of the root essential oil of Saussurea lappa Clarke Asteraceae (Costus, SLEO), and to evaluate its physicochemical, antimicrobial and cytoxic properties.

Methods: The oil was extracted from the plant’s roots by steam distillation using a Clevenger system. Various physicochemical parameters for the oil including refractive index, color, acid value, saponification number, ester and peroxide values were measured. Flavonoid content was assessed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Thermoscientific trace ultra gas chromatograph equipped with a Thermoscientific capillary TR-5MS column was utilized to determine the volatile components of SLEO. Antimicrobial activity of SLEO was performed against various Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) microorganisms, viz, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, while cytotoxic effect was monitored using Artemia salina (brine shrimp) lethality assay.

Results: Essential oil yield was good (3 %). Concentration-dependent antimicrobial effects were observed on all test microorganisms and no marked difference in lethality levels was observed among the tested SLEO concentrations on brine shrimp (p < 0.05). The main component of SLEO was costunolide or eudesma-5,11(13)-dien-8,12-olide (52.01 %).

Conclusion: The results indicate the promising therapeutic properties of S. lappa. However, further phytochemical and biological investigations are required to establish the mechanism of action and toxicological the extract.

Keywords: Saussurea lappa; Antimicrobial, Essential oil, Brine shrimp lethality